Santa Maria di Castellabate Marine Protected Area

The Santa Maria di Castellabate Marine Protected Area (MPA), established in 2009 within the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park, extends over a vast area of 7,095 hectares of sea and 2 hectares of coast. This area represents a true treasure of biodiversity, intended for the preservation of its natural beauty and the promotion of sustainable tourism.

Geographical and Natural Characteristics The Santa Maria di Castellabate MPA is located along the Cilento coast, a region characterized by extraordinary natural and scenic richness. The territory includes different environmental protection zones: Zone A (integral reserve), Zone B (general reserve), and Zone C (partial reserve). Zone A is the most protected, where swimming is prohibited to preserve the most fragile ecosystems. Zone B allows swimming and navigation, but with restrictions on boat speed. Zone C has minor limitations and allows various tourist activities.

Flora and Fauna The biodiversity of the Santa Maria di Castellabate MPA is simply extraordinary. The seabed hosts extensive meadows of Posidonia oceanica (Neptune grass), a marine plant essential for the ecosystem, which offers refuge and nourishment to numerous species of fish and crustaceans. Among these species are madrepores, gorgonians, sea urchins, bryozoans, and sponges, which create a vibrant and colorful underwater environment. Rare species can also be observed in the seabed, such as the Mediterranean parrotfish and the Siriella castellabatensis, a crustacean endemic to the area. The Baia Arena of Ogliastro Marina is a nesting site for Caretta caretta sea turtles, an event that attracts the attention of nature lovers. Among the noteworthy fish species is the red mullet of Licosa (triglia rossa di Licosa), recently included in the list of Traditional Agri-food Products (PAT), appreciated for its unique flavor. On the mainland, olive trees and figs prevail, symbols of the Cilento, along with the sea daffodil (Pancratium maritimum), a wild flower that grows on sandy shores, contributing to the natural beauty of the landscape.

Habitat: The Cilento Flysch A distinctive geological feature of the area is the presence of the Cilento Flysch (Flysch del Cilento), a very rare type of rock formed by different stratifications of sandstone, clay, marl, and limestone. These rocks, clearly visible along the coast, extend into the sea, creating ideal habitats for many marine species. Cavities and fissures in the rocky seabed offer refuge to Posidonia oceanica, alcyonaceans, groupers, seabreams, moray eels, and lobsters.

History and Culture

Licosa: The Island of Myth The Island of Licosa, recognized as a Site of Community Importance (SCI), is one of the most characteristic places in the MPA. Its waters host the submerged remains of a Greek-Roman city, including a Roman villa and a tank for breeding moray eels, dating back to the period between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD. The island owes its name to the siren Leucosia, who, according to legend, threw herself into the sea and was buried here.

The Greco-Roman Port Near the modern port structure of San Marco, the remains of an ancient Greco-Roman landing place surface. This site, identified with the ancient Roman city of Erculea, was an important provisioning stop for vessels directed to the port of Miseno and served as a military base for the imperial fleet.

Legislation and Conservation The Santa Maria di Castellabate MPA was established to protect and enhance the exceptional natural heritage of the area. Its institution in 2009 was the result of a long process of planning and consultation between institutions, scientists, and local communities. Current regulations govern the activities permitted in the various zones of the protected area, ensuring a balance between environmental conservation and sustainable use of resources.

Environmental Education and Research The MPA collaborates with scientific institutes, universities, and associations to carry out study, monitoring, and research programs in the fields of marine ecology and underwater archaeology. Furthermore, it promotes environmental education activities, organizing educational paths, events, and seminars to raise awareness among the population about the importance of protecting natural resources.

Ecotourism: Current Status and Potential Ecotourism represents one of the main potentials of the Santa Maria di Castellabate MPA. Thanks to its extraordinary natural beauty and cultural richness, the area attracts a growing number of visitors interested in exploring its seabed, coasts, and archaeological sites. Ecotourism activities include snorkeling, scuba diving, kayaking excursions, and guided tours.

Opportunities for Sustainable Development Ecotourism offers significant opportunities for the sustainable development of the region. By promoting responsible tourism practices, it is possible to reconcile environmental conservation with local economic growth. The MPA can become a model of sustainable management, demonstrating how the protection of biodiversity and the enhancement of cultural heritage can go hand in hand with tourism development.

Challenges and Future Perspectives Despite the numerous potentials, ecotourism in the MPA must face some challenges, including the need for adequate infrastructure and the management of tourist flows to avoid overcrowding and negative environmental impact. Collaboration between local authorities, tourism operators, and the community is essential to develop effective and sustainable management strategies.